The Amorous Heart Read online

Dublin, Ireland, 102

  Dudevant, Aurore Dupin (George Sand), 196–197, 199–201

  Dutch emblem books, 118–123

  Eastern culture. See Arab culture

  “eaten heart,” 72–73

  Egypt, ancient, 2–3, 96

  Eleanor of Aquitaine, 34, 36, 95

  Eliot, George, 198

  Elizabeth I, 144

  emblem books

  Christ as magnet for the soul, 127

  Christian love in Dutch emblem books, 129–131

  Dutch emblem books advocating moderation, 121–123

  heart icon in sixteenth-century French emblem books, 117, 121

  portrayal of Cupid, 117

  Renaissance-era, 117–118

  Emblem Project Utrecht, 113(fig.)

  Emblemata amatoria (Love Emblems) (Heinsius), 118

  Emblemata amatoria: Afbeeldingen van minne (Emblems of Love) (Cornelisz), 121–122

  Emblemata sacra (Sacred Emblems), 129

  Emblèmes et devises d’amour (Love Emblems and Mottos), 89

  Emblèmes mis de Latin en françois (Emblems Translated from Latin to French) (Boissard), 121

  Emblemes ou devises chrestiennes (Christian emblems or Mottos) (Montenay), 127–129, 128(fig.)

  emoji, 222–224

  emotions

  attributed to the uterus, 153

  gendered division of the male brain and the female heart, 188

  main function of the heart, 150

  empiricism, 157–158

  England

  heart motif in fifteenth-century European jewelry, 88

  “lonely heart” ads, 183–184

  marital love after the Reformation, 182

  playing card suits, 93–94

  the brain as the source of love, 155

  Erec et Enide (Chrétien de Troyes), 49

  Eros. See Cupid/Eros

  erotic literature, 161–169

  erotic love. See sensual love

  Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 158

  Eudes, Jean, 134–135

  exchanging hearts, 59(fig.)

  minstrels and storytellers, 45

  with Jesus, 60–68

  fabliaux (satirical tales), 48

  Facundus Beatus, 30–31

  faithfulness. See adultery and infidelity

  falling in love, 225–227

  Fanny Hill, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (Cleland), 168

  feudal courts, 34

  fidelity. See adultery and infidelity

  Fielding, Henry, 160–161

  filial love, 146–147

  fin’ amor, 34–37, 40–41

  Finé, Oronce, 116(fig.)

  Fishpool Hoard, British Museum, 1–2, 1(fig.)

  folk art, heart motif in, 176–178

  Foundling Home Museum, London, England, 159–160, 159(fig.)

  Fouquet, Jean, 68

  Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 28–30

  Fraktur (artistic writing style), 172

  France

  eighteenth-century French novels, 166–168

  fin’ amor, 34–37

  Florentine artists in, 77

  heart burial of Richard I, 95–96

  heart burials of French kings and queens, 96–100

  heart motif depictions on artifacts, 27

  heart motif in fifteenth-century European jewelry, 88

  heart motif in manuscripts, tapestries, and objets d’art, 85–88

  love as a prerequisite to marriage, 183

  mass-produced valentines, 216–217

  playing card suits, 93–94

  poetry of Charles d’Orléans, 208–210

  poetry of Christine de Pizan, 208–210

  Romantic novels, 196–199

  success of eighteenth-century English novels, 166–168

  the brain as the source of love, 155

  troubadours, 4

  Valentine’s Day as vice-laden holiday, 210–211

  Francis (saint), 5, 60–61

  Francis I of France, 115

  fraternal organizations, 173–176

  Freemasons, 173–174

  French Revolution, 100

  frescoes, 78–82

  Galen (physician), 54, 150, 152, 156

  game, love as a, 11–13

  Gellius, Aulus, 14

  genitalia in classical art, 17–18

  Germany

  heart burials, 102

  heart motif in tapestries, 86–88

  medieval love stories, 50–52

  Minnesingers, 37–40

  playing card suits, 93–94

  Gerson, Jean, 58

  Gertrude of Hackeborn, 61–62

  Gertrude the Great of Helfta (saint), 5, 61–65, 130, 133

  gifts on Valentine’s Day, 212–213

  Giotto, 75, 77–79, 82

  Girona Beatus, 28–30, 29(fig.)

  Glaser, Milton, 219–221

  gods, Greco-Roman, 16–17, 114–115. See also Cupid/Eros

  Gospel of John, 63

  Gospel of Luke, 66

  Gower, John, 208

  Grandson, Oton de, 207–208, 210

  graphic arts

  Codex Manesse, 33(fig.)

  emoji, 222–224

  Florentine artists, 76–77

  heart icon’s appearance in colonial America, 171–173

  heart motif in folk art, 176–178

  “I heart NY” and other pop art, 219–222

  lack of heart images in eighteenth-century art, 170

  portrayal of human genitalia, 17–18

  The Romance of Alexander, 83(fig.), 84–85

  Sacred Heart and the Immaculate Heart of Mary, 68

  stained glass, 125(fig.)

  Greece, ancient

  as model for Renaissance art, 114–115

  divine design for human love, 16–17

  Dutch emblem books drawing on art forms, 121

  four humors of the human body, 149–150

  Sappho’s writings on love, 7–8

  writings on human love, 7–9

  Greece (modern), Lord Byron in, 192–194, 201

  grief and despair

  addiction to love, 224–225

  death of Cicero’s daughter, 15

  in Bellini’s Norma, 190–191

  pre-Islamic Arab poetry, 19–20

  troubadours’ songs, 37

  Guillaume de Lorris, 56–58

  Guinizelli, Guido, 70

  Hamlet (Shakespeare), 145

  handfasting, 180–181

  hands, hearts and

  handfasting as betrothal ritual, 180–181

  love as a prerequisite of marriage, 181–183

  Odd Fellows’ emblem, 174

  Pride and Prejudice, 184–186

  Roman marriage customs, 179–180

  the Irish Claddagh, 183–184

  Harrison, Robert, 72

  Harvey, Christopher, 130, 131(fig.)

  Harvey, William, 149, 154

  heart, amorous

  in dialogue with lover, 106–108

  as sentient being, 108–110

  in Protestant emblem books, 129–131

  the independent heart, 106–112

  heart, anatomical

  anatomy of, 151–153

  carrying a beloved’s image within, 36–37

  Cartesian view of love and, 156–157

  connection to the uterus, 153

  eighteenth-century novels of seduction, 161–164

  empiricists’ reflections on, 157–158

  gendered division of the male brain and the female heart, 188

  in eighteenth-century English novels, 161–166

  in Italian art, 75–76

  locking love into one’s heart, 38–39

  main function of, 149–150

  Pascal separating heart and brain functions, 157

  Sacred Heart, 132

  understanding the function of, 154

  The Heart Book, 90(fig.)

  heart icon

  absence in eig
hteenth-century art, 170

  acquiring the meaning of love, 92–93

  appearance in colonial America, 171–173

  as Martin Luther’s theological symbol, 126–127

  as New York logo, 219(fig.)

  as religious symbol, 125–135

  cordiform maps, 115–116, 116(fig.)

  “cruel love” concept, 90–91

  global popularity and diversity, 226–227

  heart-shaped songbook, 89

  in Barberino’s manuscripts, 78–80

  in Dutch emblem books, 121–123

  in early manuscripts and jewelry, 85–86

  in fifteenth-century European jewelry, 88, 91–92

  in Florentine art, 77–79

  in folk art, 176–178

  in fraternal organizations, 173–176

  in Italian art and literature, 70–73

  in Protestant art, 126–129

  in religious organizations’ drawings, 174–176

  in Renaissance art, 115–116

  medieval appearance of, 5–6

  Odd Fellows heart in hand carving, 174(fig.)

  psychological meanings, 135–136

  The Romance of the Pear, 53–54

  Sacred Heart, 130–132

  Sala’s miniature book of love poems, 89–90

  heart offering, 56, 83(fig.)

  “The Heart Offering” manuscript illustration, 83(fig.)

  heart-in-hand symbol, 174–175, 174(fig.)

  Heinsius, Daniel, 118

  Helfta. See Gertrude the Great of Helfta

  Héloïse, 44–45

  Henri de Mondeville, 54–55

  Henry I of England, 96

  Henry II of England, 34, 95

  Henry IV of France, 100

  The Herald of Divine Loving-Kindness (Legatus divinae pietatis), 62–64

  “Herr Alram von Gresten: Minne Gespräch,” 33(fig.)

  Hildegard of Bingen, 5

  Hippocrates, 149–150, 156

  The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (Fielding), 160

  Hobbes, Thomas, 155, 157–158

  Holland: emblem books, 118–123

  homoerotic love, 64

  Hooft, Pieter Cornelisz, 121–122

  Howland, Esther, 215–216

  Huerta, Ellen, 224–225

  Hugo, Victor, 195–196, 198

  Hume, David, 157–158

  humors of the human body, 149–150

  Hundred Years’ War (1337–1454), 96, 207

  Ibn Hazm, 23–24, 48

  illegitimate children, 109

  illuminations and illustrations

  Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 28–31

  Girona Beatus, 29(fig.)

  The Romance of Alexander, 83(fig.), 84

  The Romance of the Pear, 52–54

  Sala’s miniature book of love poems, 89–90

  the heart in Pennsylvania Dutch documents, 171–173

  Immaculate Heart of Mary, 66–68

  The Immaculate Heart of Mary (oil on panel), 67

  Imru’ al-Qays, 20–21

  independent heart, 106–112

  Independent Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF), 174

  Indiana (Sand), 196

  Indiana, Robert, 220, 220(fig.), 221

  Industrial Revolution: mass-produced valentines, 215–216

  infidelity. See adultery and infidelity

  introspection, 130–131

  Ireland: Claddagh rings, 183–184

  Isabeau de Bavière, 98

  Isabelle of Lorraine, 109

  Italy

  amorous heart in fourteenth-century art and literature, 70–73

  caritas in art and literature, 75–76

  “cruel love” concept, 90–91

  heart imagery surrounding caritas, 74–76

  heart motif in fifteenth-century European jewelry, 88

  Romanticism in, 201

  Jager, Eric, 158

  James II of England, 100–101

  Jamil (poet), 22

  Jane Eyre (Brontë), 187, 198–199

  Japan

  emoji, 222

  Valentine’s Day celebrations, 217

  Jean de Bruges, 84

  Jean de Grise, 83(fig.), 84

  Jean de Meun, 56–58

  Jean de Montchenu, 89

  Jesus, exchanging hearts with, 60–68

  jewelry, heart motif in, 1–2, 27, 88, 91–92

  Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloise (Julie, or the new Heloise) (Rousseau), 166–167

  Justine (Sade), 168

  King Lear (Shakespeare), 146–147

  Kupelwieser, Leopold, 67

  Kurita, Shigetaka, 222

  La Mettrie, Julien, 169

  A Lady Crowning Her Lover (mirror case), 55–56, 55(fig.)

  Lancelot (Chrétien de Troyes), 47–50

  Lee, Mother Ann, 175

  Lélia (Sand), 196

  Leonardo da Vinci, 151–152

  Lesbia, 9–10

  Leviathan (Hobbes), 158

  Lewes, G.H., 198–199

  Lex Julia de adulteris, 16

  Les liaisons dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons) (Choderlos de Laclos), 167–168

  liebestod (love death), 51

  Life of Johnson (Boswell), 160–161

  The Life of Teresa of Jesus, 132–133

  Livret des Emblèmes (Alciato), 117

  Locke, John, 155, 157–158

  logos: “I heart NY,” 219(fig.)

  “lonely heart” ads, 183–184, 224–225

  Louis VII of France, 34

  Louis XII of France, 98–99, 108

  Louis XIV of France, 100

  love. See amorous love; sensual love

  lovers

  Arab culture, 21–22

  exchange of hearts metaphor, 137–139

  French and British Romantic novels, 196–200

  Ibn Hazm combining secular and religious love, 23–24

  Minnesinger songs, 38–40

  the fate of the characters in Norma, 189–192

  the writings of Lord Byron, 192–194

  The Love-Smitten Heart (René d’Anjou), 108–110

  Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti), 194–195

  Lupercalia, 206–207

  Luther, Martin, 126

  Lutheranism, 126–127, 129–131

  Macbeth (Shakespeare), 144–145

  Macrobius, 14

  madness, love as, 7–8

  Madonna with Caritas, 75

  “The Magnets” (Dine), 221–222

  Maître de Bari, 43(fig.), 52

  Maius, 28

  Malaysia, Valentine’s Day in, 217

  Manon Lescaut (Prévôt), 167

  maps, hearts in, 115–116, 116(fig.)

  Marcorelle, Jean, 128(fig.)

  Marie de Champagne, 45, 47, 49, 181–182

  marriage

  changes under the Protestant Reformation, 140–141

  decorated nineteenth-century American folk art, 176–177

  decorated tombstones, 176–177

  fin’ amor songs contrasting with real life, 40–41

  Greek literature portraying, 17–18

  hearts and hands signifying, 179–181

  in Jane Eyre, 199–200

  Jane Austen’s views and portrayal, 184–186

  love as a prerequisite to, 181–183

  lovers in Arab poetry, 22

  medallion tapestry, 87–88

  medieval view of the lack of love in, 48–49

  parents’ selection of a husband for daughters, 140, 163–166

  Renaissance art, 114–115

  Renaissance morals and values, 117–118

  Roman traditions and views of, 13–16

  Roman views of adultery, 15–16

  Shakespearean love, 138–147

  The Taming of the Shrew, 141

  the ideal of the Roman husband and wife, 14–16

  valentines as written cards, 211–212

  Valentine’s Day as vice, 211

  Victor Hugo’s wife and mist
ress, 195–196

  women’s financial dependence on, 186–187

  women’s lack of rights in, 187–188

  Mechtilde of Hackeborn, 61–62, 65–66

  medallion tapestries, heart motif on, 86–88, 87(fig.)

  Medea, 17

  medical science

  Leonardo da Vinci’s understanding of the human body, 151–152

  understanding the function of the human heart, 149,154

  melancholy. See grief and despair

  mend.com, 224–225

  mental health: love leading to madness in Lucia di Lammermoor, 194–195

  Merchant of Venice (Shakespeare), 154–155

  merging hearts, 44–47

  metaphorical heart, Shakespeare’s portrayal of, 141–142

  Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 3(fig.)

  Middle Ages

  allegories, 52–58

  eighteenth-century English novels and, 162

  exchange of hearts metaphor, 137–139

  fin’ amor, 34–37

  Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 28–30

  French stories of adultery, 197

  German love stories, 50–52

  heart as representation of love, 92–94

  heart motif depictions on artifacts, 27

  Héloïse and Abélard, 44–45

  history of Valentine’s Day, 207

  Immaculate Heart of Mary, 66–68

  Jesus’s wounded heart, 60–61

  literature of amorous love, 44–46

  minstrels, 44

  refined view of women in poetry, 41

  The Romance of the Pear, 52–54

  Sacred Heart, 63–66

  separate burial of the heart of the deceased, 96–97

  the church’s jurisdiction over marriage, 181–182

  the heart and the brain as the source of love, 154–155

  the independent heart, 112

  the main functions of the human heart, 150–151

  A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Shakespeare), 147

  mimetic desire, 73–74

  Minnekönigen (goddess), 86

  Minnesingers, 37–40

  minstrels, 4, 34–37, 44–45

  mirror case, 55–56, 55(fig.)

  Molière, 183

  Moll Flanders (Defoe), 168

  de Montenay, Georgette, 127–129, 128(fig.)

  Mozarabs, 28–31

  Much Ado About Nothing (Shakespeare), 139

  Mundinus, 54–55

  music

  Bellini’s Norma, 189–192

  heart-shaped songbook, 89

  Minnesingers, 37–40

  the operas of Richard Wagner, 202–204

  Musset, Alfred de, 196

  “My True Love Hath My Heart” (Sydney), 137–138

  nature

  depiction in The Romance of Alexander, 84–85

  digital heart images, 224

  heart motif in French tapestries, 86

  in German poetry and song, 39–40

  in Renaissance and Baroque art, 114–115

  in Shaker drawings, 175

  New York, New York, 219(fig.)

  nobility

  marital love, 181–182

  Tristan and Isolde, 51