The Amorous Heart Read online

  Non tuis viribus (Not by Your Own Strength), 127

  Norma (Bellini), 189–192

  Notre-Dame de Cléry, 98–99

  nous (intellect), 150

  nuns, religious passion of, 44, 132–135

  nursery rhymes, 94

  Odd Fellows, Independent Order of (IOOF), 174

  On Love (Capellanus), 47–48

  On the Motion of the Heart (Alfred), 150–151

  “open heart,” 123

  Openhertighe Herten (Openhearted Hearts), 122–123, 123(fig.)

  opera

  Lucia di Lammermoor, 194–195

  Norma, 189–192

  of Richard Wagner, 202–204

  orgasm, eighteenth-century literature depicting, 169

  Othello (Shakespeare), 139, 143–144

  O’Toole, Lawrence, 102

  Ottoman Empire, 102–103

  Ovid, 9–13, 16, 118–119

  Oxford University, 84

  Pamela: or Virtue Rewarded (Richardson), 161–163, 165–167

  Panofsky, Erwin, 78–79, 81–82

  pantheism, 224

  papyrus, 3(fig.)

  “Parliament of Fowls” (Chaucer), 207–209

  Pascal, Blaise, 157

  Pason, John, III, 211–212

  passion

  moderation and good judgment, 121–122

  Saint Gertrude’s Sacred Heart, 5, 61–65

  Teresa of Ávila (saint), 132–133

  Les passions de l’âme (The Passions of the Soul) (Descartes), 156

  Pennsylvania Dutch, 171–173

  Pepys, Samuel, 212–213

  Persian artifacts, 25–26

  Petrarch, 115

  Phaedra, 17

  phallic symbols, 56

  Philippe III of France, 97

  Philippe IV (the Fair), 97

  pineal gland as the source of the soul, 156

  pinecone, heart shape as, 52–56, 75–76, 92

  Pisano, Andrea, 75

  Plato and Platonic love

  Ibn Hazm advocating noncarnal love, 23–24

  main function of the heart, 150

  situating the soul in the head, 156

  the heart as the seat of emotion, 9

  playing cards, heart icon on, 93–94

  Plutarch, 8

  pneuma (air animating the soul), 150

  poetry

  Brontë’s admiration of George Sand, 199

  Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 200–202

  French troubadours, 34–35

  gendered division of the male brain and the female heart, 188

  heart in dialogue with lover, 106–108

  heart motif in fourteenth-century Italian poetry, 70–73

  history of Valentine’s Day, 207–208

  legendary lovers in Arab culture, 21–22

  medieval Arabic culture, 19–20

  of Germany’s Minnesingers, 37–40

  of Shelley and Bryon, 201–202

  on mass-produced valentines, 216

  Sala’s miniature book of love poems, 89–90

  sexual love in Arabic poetry, 19–21

  the Romanticism of Lord Byron, 192–194

  Villon’s incarnation of the independent heart, 110–112

  popes, heart burials among, 102

  postage stamps, 220(fig.)

  pregnancy, 11, 160–161

  Pride and Prejudice (Austen), 184–186

  Propertius, 9–10

  Protestantism

  emblem books, 129–131

  heart icon in Protestant art, 126–129

  Protestant emblem books, 129–131

  See also Catholicism; Christianity; religion and religious life

  psyche, heart as the location for, 9

  Publilia, 15

  Puritanism, 130–131

  “Quas Iam Quaeras Latebras” (engraving), 128(fig.)

  “The Queen of Hearts” (nursery rhyme), 94

  rape in eighteenth-century English novels, 164–165

  Raphael, 114–115

  rational thought, 150, 157

  Reformation

  Catholic Counter-Reformation, 131–132

  destruction of Catholic symbols and images, 126–127

  increasing prestige of marriage, 140

  love as a prerequisite to marriage, 182

  religion and religious life

  emergence of the heart icon, 5–6

  fin’ amor and, 35–36

  handfasting as betrothal ritual, 180–181

  history of the heart as the repository of love, 2–4

  history of Valentine’s Day, 206–207

  Ibn Hazm’s rejection of sexual love, 23–24

  legendary lovers in Arab culture, 22

  Mormon iconography, 175–176

  nature in digital heart images, 224

  Norma’s tension between romantic love and, 191–192

  refined view of women in poetry, 41

  replacing amorous love for Bedouins, 19–20

  Shakers’ heart-in-hand symbol, 174–175

  Shelley’s revolt against, 201–202

  stained glass, 125(fig.)

  Villon’s independent heart, 112

  world religions’ connection to the human heart, 225

  See also Catholicism; Christianity; Protestantism

  religious heart, 60–68

  Renaissance

  amorous love in Renaissance literature, 47

  Charles d’Orléans’s poetry and, 107

  classical art, 114–115

  emblem books, 117–118

  Florentine artists, 76–77

  heart icon in Renaissance art, 115–116

  the function of the human heart, 155

  understanding the human heart and body, 151–152

  René d’Anjou, 98, 105(fig.), 106, 108–110

  Richard I of England (Lionheart), 50, 95–96

  Richardson, Samuel, 161–166

  ring as token of love, 14

  for abandoned and orphaned children, 159–160

  heart motif in fourteenth-century jewelry, 88

  the Irish Claddagh, 183–184

  ring finger, 14

  Le Roman de la Poire, 43(fig.), 52–53, 57, 75

  romance, etymology of, 44

  The Romance of Alexander, 83(fig.), 84–85, 93

  The Romance of the Pear, 43(fig.), 52–53, 57, 75

  The Romance of the Rose, 56–58

  Romani, Felice, 189–192

  romantic love. See amorous love

  Romanticism

  Bellini’s Norma, 189–192

  Charlotte Brontë, 199–200

  eighteenth-century erotic literature anticipating, 169

  Englishmen and women’s flight to Italy, 201–202

  French novels, 195–199

  gendered division of the male brain and the female heart, 188

  Lord Byron’s works, 192–194

  Scott’s Waverley novels, 194–195

  Wagner’s Tristan and Isolde, 202–204

  Rome, ancient

  as model for Renaissance art, 114–115

  Bellini’s Norma, 189–192

  Dutch emblem books drawing on art forms, 121

  gods’ responsibility for love between humans, 16–17

  hearts and hands signifying marriage, 179–180

  history of Valentine’s Day, 206–207

  love as a prerequisite of marriage, 181

  marriage customs, 13–16

  writings on the associations between the heart and love, 9–13

  Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 139–140, 147, 163

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 166

  Sacred Heart of Jesus, 59(fig.), 61, 65–68, 130–132, 134–135

  Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de, 168

  “Saint Valentine’s Dream” (Grandson), 208

  Sala, Pierre, 89–90

  Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone, 10(fig.)

  Sand, George, 196–197, 199–201

  Sappho, 7�
�8

  Sassanian empire, 26–27

  Saturnalia (Macrobius), 14

  Schola Cordis (The School of the Heart), 129–130

  The School of the Heart, or, The Heart of It Self Gone Away from God (Harvey), 130, 131(fig.)

  Scott, Walter, 194

  secular courts: medieval German songs, 39

  secular humanism, 109–110

  seduction

  Abélard’s seduction of Héloïse, 44

  eighteenth-century novels, 160–168

  sensual love

  Catholic Church frowning upon, 60

  Catholic Church replacing with caritas, 73–74

  fin’ amor, 34–37

  George Sand’s fictive works, 196–197

  Greco-Roman gods, 16–17

  heart metaphors, 169

  love relationships with Jesus, 65

  Lupercalia, 206–207

  mystical spiritual love, 62–63

  Ovid’s Art of Love, 12–13

  troubadours expressing, 35–37

  Wagner’s Tristan and Isolde, 202–204

  See also amorous love

  September 11, 2001, 221

  Ser Sozzo, Niccolò di, 81, 82(fig.)

  sexual desire

  Antony and Cleopatra, 142

  Cupid’s darts inflicting, 118

  in eighteenth-century English and French novels, 161–168

  orgasm in eighteenth-century literature, 169

  See also sensual love

  sexual images of the heart icon, 5–6

  Shakers, 174–175

  Shakespeare, William, 138–147, 154–155, 163, 182

  Shamela (Fielding), 161

  The Shape of the Heart (Vinken), 27

  Shelley, Mary Godwin, 201

  Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 201

  silphium plant, 10, 10(fig.), 11, 31

  The Singer of Amun Nany, 3(fig.)

  sisterly and brotherly love: Bellini’s Norma, 191–192

  Song of Songs, 4, 65

  Sordello, 36

  soul/spirit

  Cartesian view of, 155–157

  Immaculate Heart, 66

  medieval view of the human heart and body, 150–151

  the function of the human heart, 150–151

  the heart as the seat of, 2–3, 9

  Spiritual Exercises (Exercita spiritualia), 62, 64

  spiritual love in George Sand’s fictive works, 196–197

  stained glass, 125(fig.)

  status, social

  in Arab love, 23–24

  in eighteenth-century French novels, 166–167

  notions of feminine virtue in eighteenth-century novels, 161–164

  staying in love, 225–227

  stigmata, 60–61

  stil nuovisti poets, 73

  Suleiman the Magnificent, 103

  Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 74

  Sidney, Philip, 137–138

  symbolic meanings and metaphor

  assuming new meanings, 93–94

  The Commentary on the Apocalypse, 27–28

  exchange of hearts between lovers, 137–139

  for sensual love, 169

  Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 28–31

  Girona Beatus, 28–30

  global popularity and diversity, 226–227

  heart in Martin Luther’s theological seal, 126–127

  heart-in-hand symbol, 174–175, 174(fig.)

  hearts and hands signifying marriage, 179–181

  medieval depictions of the heart motif, 27–28

  religious meanings of the heart icon, 125–135

  Romantic writers, 200–201

  the Irish Claddagh, 183–184

  See also heart icon

  Tabulae anatomica sex (The Six Anatomical Tables) (Vesalius and Calcar), 153

  The Taming of the Shrew (Shakespeare), 141

  tapestries, 85–88

  The Tempest (Shakespeare), 145, 147

  Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 188

  Terentia, 15

  Teresa of Ávila (saint), 132–133

  “The Legacy” (Villon), 110–112

  Tibaud, 52

  Timaeus (Plato), 9

  tombstones, heart motif on, 176–177, 177(fig.)

  Tristan and Isolde (Wagner), 202–204

  Tristan and Isolde, the story of, 50–51

  Troilus and Cressida (Chaucer), 88

  Trojan War, 17

  troubadours, 34–37, 44, 77

  true love in medieval storytelling, 47–50

  Twelfth Night (Shakespeare), 143, 147

  Umar Ibn Abi Rabi’ah, 20

  unconditional love, 34–37

  University of Leiden, Holland, 118

  “Unter der Linden” (Walther von der Vogelweide), 39–40

  unwed mothers, 160–161

  uterus, beliefs about connection with the heart, 153

  Vaenius, Otto, 113(fig.), 118–120

  Valentine (saint), 206

  valentines

  contemporary paper and digital cards, 217–218

  decorated nineteenth-century American folk art, 176

  early written cards, 211–212

  eighteenth-century example, 205(fig.)

  embellishment and mass production of, 213–216

  first known example, 209

  French mass-produced cards, 216–217

  Valentine’s Day

  around the world, 217

  as vice-laden holiday, 210–211

  Emily Dickinson’s celebration of, 214–215

  exchange of gifts among the wealthy, 212–213

  historical origins of, 206–208

  poetry celebrating, 208–210

  van Calcar, Jan, 152–153

  van der Velde, J., 123(fig.)

  van Eyck, Barthélemy, 105(fig.), 110

  van Haeften, Benedictus, 129–130

  Van Severen, Henri, 59(fig.)

  vena amoris (vein of love), 14

  Venus (goddess of love), 9, 114–115

  Vesalius, Andreas, 151–153

  Villon, François, 110–112

  Vinken, Pierre, 27

  virgin/whore dichotomy in eighteenth-century novels, 161–168

  visual representations of the heart, 25–26. See also graphic arts; heart icon; valentines

  La Vita Nuova (The New Life) (Dante), 71–72

  Vorschriften, 172

  Voyage of the Argo (Apollonius), 8–9

  Wagner, Richard, 202–204

  Walther von der Vogelweide, 39–40

  Waverley novels (Scott), 194–195

  weighing the heart, 121

  White Day (Japan), 217

  Whitney, George C., 215–216

  Wierix, Antonius, 129–130

  William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, 34

  The Winter’s Tale (Shakespeare), 139

  Woeiriot de Bouzey, Pierre, 127

  women

  caritas depicted as a, 75–76

  Christine de Pizan, 208–210

  Dante’s view of the ideal woman, 70–73

  dependence on marriage, 186–187

  fate of unwed mothers, 160–161

  gendering the heart with women and the brain with men, 201

  in fin’ amor portrayals, 40–41

  in medieval Arabic poetry, 19–21

  lack of rights in marriage, 187–188

  lack of voice in sentimental novels, 169–170

  Ovid on the woman’s heart, 12–13

  properties attributed to the uterus, 153

  romantic novels from the perspective of, 184–187, 196–199

  Shakespeare’s heroines, 140

  the ideal of the Roman wife, 14–16

  valentine guides, 214–215

  woodcuts, 115

  The Young Man’s Valentine manual, 214

  Yvain (Chrétien de Troyes), 47, 49

  Zuhair, Ka’b Bin, 19–20